Risk Ratios
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چکیده
In human genetics and genetic epidemiology, risk ratios can assume a number of different forms, including risk ratios for relatives, for candidate genes, and for genetic markers. The goal of many genetic studies is to quantify the risk of disease occurrence associated with particular genetic factors. The strength of this association can depend on interactions between environmental and genetic factors, gene–gene interactions, and the distance along a causal pathway from a genetic variant to a disease outcome. Models that can incorporate these complexities have an important role. Here, however, we focus on risk ratios corresponding to associations between a single disease and a single genetic factor. Let D denote the disease under study, and let G or G denote the presence or absence of a particular genetic characteristic in an individual. In these risk ratios, exposure is defined in terms of an individual’s genetic information G. Further assume that every individual is correctly classified as having (D) or not having (D) the disease. Then, a general genetic relative risk (RR) is defined as
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The Use Of Financial Ratios as Measures Of Risk In The Determination Of The Bid- Ask Spread In Tehran Stock Exchange
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